Python

The version of Python available on your NumWorks calculator is MicroPython 1.17, compatible with Python 3.4.

Scripts

The script list

When you enter the application, you can see the list of saved scripts. When you first use the application, four scripts are defined as examples: squares.py, parabola.py, mandelbrot.py and polynomial.py.

Adding and removing a script from the list

You can add up to 8 scripts on the list.

Select the Add a script cell at the bottom of the list.
Confirm by pressing ok.

A new script appears on the list. You can then enter a name for your new script.

To delete a script, select the settings icon next to the script name and press ok. Choose Delete script and press ok.

Renaming a script

To change a script name, select the settings icon next to the script name and press ok. Choose Rename script and press ok to confirm. You can now change the name of the script.

Editing a script

To write to a script, simply select the script name and press ok. The editor opens and you can write your code inside.

To help you write, press toolbox. A menu will open with some shortcuts to make editing easier. The menu Loops and Tests offers pre-filled blocks for for and while loops, if tests and a series of conditions. The menu Catalog lists the functions present in Python and gives a short description of them. You can also use the var key to display the list of functions defined in your scripts as well as the global variables.

If you want to copy and paste part of a text, select the characters to be copied by holding down the shift key and using left or right. Then press shift and then var to copy the selection. Press shift and then toolbox to paste it.

Autocompletion

The script editor has an autocompletion feature. When you begin typing, the app will make a suggestion in gray.

To accept the suggestion, press the right or ok key.
To decline the suggestion, press back or just continue typing.
To get a new suggestion, press the up or down key.
All possible suggestions from the prefix you entered are listed in the menu of the var key.

Disabling automatic import into the shell

Automatic import is automatically enabled for your scripts. This means that the command from script_name import * is systematically entered when the shell is opened so that you can use the functions you defined in the scripts inside the console.

To disable automatic import of a script, select the settings icon next to the script name and press ok. Choose Auto import in shell and press ok to toggle the switch. The switch turns grey and the script will no longer be activated automatically.

The shell

At the bottom of the list of scripts is the Python shell button which allows access to the interactive shell of Python.

The triple arrows >>> prompt you to enter a command.

You can use the shortcuts on the toolbox menu to make text entry easier. The menu of the var key displays the list of functions and global variables contained in the imported scripts.

To interrupt the execution of a script, press the back key on the keyboard. If the script is stuck in an infinite loop, press and hold back and repeat until the script is interrupted.

Modules

The modules present in this version of Python are: math, cmath, matplotlib.pyplot, random, turtle, ion, time and kandinsky modules.

The math module

Here is the complete description of the math module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then math.

`e`

The constant e=2.718281828459045.

`pi`

The constant pi=3.141592653589793.

`sqrt(x)`

Square root, type sqrt(x) for $\sqrt{x}$ .

`pow(x,y)`

Power, type pow(x,y) for $x^y$ .

`exp(x)`

Exponential, type exp(x) for $e^x$ .

`expm1(x)`

Exponential minus 1, type expm1(x) for $e^x-1$ .

`log(x)`

Natural logarithm: log(x) calculates $ln(x)$ .

`log2(x)`

Base-2 logarithm, type log2(x) for $\frac{ln(x)}{ln(2)}$ .

`log10(x)`

Base-10 logarithm, type log10(x) for $\frac{ln(x)}{ln(10)}=log(x)$ .

`cosh(x)`

Hyperbolic cosine.

`sinh(x)`

Hyperbolic sine.

`tanh(x)`

Hyperbolic tangent.

`acosh(x)`

Inverse hyperbolic cosine.

`asinh(x)`

Inverse hyperbolic sine.

`atanh(x)`

Inverse hyperbolic tangent.

`cos(x)`

Cosine in radians.

`sin(x)`

Sine in radians.

`tan(x)`

Tangent in radians.

`acos(x)`

Arc cosine.

`asin(x)`

Arc sine.

`atan(x)`

Arc tangent.

`atan2(y,x)`

Type atan2(y,x) to calculate $atan(\frac{y}{x})$ .

`ceil(x)`

Ceiling.

`copysign(x,y)`

Returns x with the sign of y, for instance copysign(3,-1)=-3.

`fabs(x)`

Absolute value, fabs(x) returns $\mid x\mid$ .

`floor(x)`

Floor, type floor(x) to calculate $\lfloor x \rfloor$ .

`fmod(a,b)`

fmod(a,b) returns $a$ modulo $b$ .

`frexp(x)`

Mantissa and exponent of x: for instance, frexp(10) returns (0.625,4) because $10=0.625\times2^4$ .

`gcd(a,b)`

Greatest common divisor or a and b.

`ldexp(x,i)`

Inverse of frexp(x), that is $x\times2^i$ .

`modf(x)`

Fractional and integer parts, for instance modf(5.1)=(0.1,5.0).

`isfinite(x)`

Checks if x is finite.

`isinf(x)`

Checks if x is infinite.

`isnan(x)`

Checks if x is NaN.

`trunc(x)`

Returns x truncated to an integer, for instance trunc(6.7)=6.

`radians(x)`

Converts x from degrees to radians, for instance radians(180) returns 3.141592653589793.

`degrees(x)`

Converts x from radians to degrees, for instance degrees(pi) returns 180.

`erf(x)`

Error function, $erf(x) = \frac{2}{\pi}\int_0^x e^{-t^2} \, \mathrm dt$ .

`erfc(x)`

Complementary error function, $erfc(x) = 1-erf(x)$ .

`gamma(x)`

Gamma function.

`lgamma(x)`

Log-gamma, $lgamma(x)=ln(gamma(x))$ .

The cmath module

This is the complete description of the cmath module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then cmath.

`e`

The constant e=2.718281828459045.

`pi`

The constant pi=3.141592653589793.

`phase(z)`

Phase of z in radians, for instance phase(1j)=1.570796326794897.

`polar(z)`

Representation of z in polar coordinates: polar(1j) returns (1.0, 1.570796326794897).

`rect(z)`

Representation of z in cartesian coordinates: rect(1,pi/4) returns 0.70710+0.70710j.

`exp(x)`

Exponential function, for instance exp(i*pi/4) returns 0.70710+0.70710j.

`log(x)`

Natural logarithm, for instance log(1j) returns 1.570796326794897j.

`sqrt(x)`

Square root.

`cos(x)`

Cosine.

`sin(x)`

Sine.

The matplotlib.pyplot module

This is the complete description of the matplotlib.pyplot module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then matplotlib.pyplot.

`arrow(x,y,dx,dy)`

Draws an arrow from point (x,y) to point (x+dx,y+dy). It is possible to use an optional argument to adjust the size of the arrow by writing: head_width = 0.1. Another optional argument can be used to choose the color of the line by writing: color="red".

`axis((xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax))`

Sets the display window to (xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax). The axis() instruction returns the list of values for the axes boundaries. In addition, axis("off") or axis(False) hides the axes while axis("on") or axis(True) displays them. To reset the axes with the automatic setting, you can use the axis("auto") instruction.

`bar(x,height,bin_width,bottom)`

Draws a bar plot using the values in the x list and the counts in the height list. The last two arguments are optional. The bin_width argument allows you to set the width of the bars whose default value is 0.8. The bottom argument is the list of the starting ordinates of the bars, set to 0 by default. It is possible to place an optional argument to choose the color of the line by writing: color="red".

`grid()`

Displays the grid if it is hidden or hides the grid if it is displayed. The grid(True) and grid(False) instructions allow you to show or hide the grid.

`hist(x,bins)`

Plots a histogram using the values in the x list. The second argument is optional. If the second argument is an integer, it sets the number of rectangles that constitute the histogram. This number is 10 by default. If the second argument is a list, it allows you to choose the bins of the histogram. For example, if bin is [0,1,3,5], the bins will be: [0,1[, [1,3[ and [3,5]. It is possible to place an optional argument to choose the color of the line by writing: color="red".

`plot(x,y)`

Plots the y list versus the x list. The (x,y) points are connected by segments. If only one y list is given, the x is assumed to be [0,1,2,3...]. The color argument is optional. It allows you to choose the color of the line.

`scatter(x,y)`

Plots a scatterplot based on (x,y) values. The arguments of the function can be numbers or lists of the same length. It is possible to place an optional argument to choose the color of the line by writing: color="red".

`show()`

Draws the figure.

`text(x,y,"text")`

Displays the text set as an argument at the (x,y) coordinates.

The numpy module

Here is the complete description of the numpy module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then numpy.

`array(list)`

Creates an array from a list.

`arange(start,stop)`

Returns an array of integers from start to stop-1.

`concatenate((a,b))`

Returns an array that joins array b to array a.

`linspace(start,stop,n)`

Returns an array of n values evenly spaced over the specified interval.

`ones(n)`

Returns an array of size n filled with ones.

`zeros(n)`

Returns an array of size n filled with zeros.

`array.flatten()`

Returns a copy of an array collapsed into one dimension.

`array.reshape((n,m))`

Transforms an array to an array of size (n,m).

`array.shape`

Returns the size of the array in the form (n,m).

`array.tolist()`

Converts an array into a list.

`array.transpose()`

Returns a transposed array.

`argmax(a)`

Returns the indicies of the maximum values.

`argmin(a)`

Returns the indicies of the minimum values.

`dot(a,b)`

Returns the dot product of two arrays.

`cross(a,b)`

Returns the cross product of two arrays.

`max(a)`

Returns the maximum of the elements.

`min(a)`

Returns the minimum of the elements.

`mean(a)`

Returns the mean of the elements.

`median(a)`

Returns the median of the elements.

`polyfit(x,y,d)`

Fits a polynomial regression of degree d to the points (x,y) Returns a vector of coefficents that minimizes the squared error in the order d, d-1,…0.

`polyval(p,x)`

Evaluates the polynomial p at x.

`size(a)`

Returns the number of elements in the array.

`sort(a)`

Sorts the array in ascending order.

`std(a)`

Returns the standard deviation of the elements.

`sum(a)`

Returns the sum of the elements.

The turtle module

This is the complete description of the turtle module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then turtle.

`forward(x)`

Move forward by x pixels.

`backward(x)`

Move backward by x pixels.

`right(a)`

Turn right by a degrees.

`left(a)`

Turn left by a degrees.

`goto(x,y)`

Move to (x,y) coordinates.

`setheading(a)`

Set the orientation by a degrees.

`circle(r)`

Circle of radius r pixels.

`speed(x)`

Drawing speed (x between 0 and 10).

`position()`

Return the current (x,y) location.

`heading()`

Return the current heading.

`pendown()`

Pull the pen down.

`penup()`

Pull the pen up.

`pensize(x)`

Set the line thickness to x pixels.

`write("text")`

Writes the text placed as an argument at the position of the turtle.

`isdown()`

Return True if the pen is down.

`reset()`

Reset the drawing.

`showturtle()`

Show the turtle.

`hideturtle()`

Hide the turtle.

`color('c')` or `color(r,g,b)`

Set the pen color.

`colormode(x)`

colormode(1.0) changes the color mode to 1.0 and the colors must be defined by tuples of type (0.5,1.0,0.5) while colormode(255) changes the color mode to 255 and the colors are then defined by tuples of type (128,255,128). By default the color mode is 255.

`blue`

Blue color.

`red`

Red color.

`green`

Green color.

`yellow`

Yellow color.

`brown`

Brown color.

`black`

Black color.

`white`

White color.

`pink`

Pink color.

`orange`

Orange color.

`purple`

Purple color.

`grey`

Gray color.

The random module

This is the complete description of the random module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then random.

`getrandbits(k)`

Returns an integer with k random bits.

`seed(x)`

Initialize the random number generator.

`randrange(start,stop)`

Returns a random number in range(start,stop).

`randint(a,b)`

Returns an integer in [a,b].

`choice(list)`

Returns a random number in the list.

`random()`

Returns a random floating point number in [0,1).

`uniform(a,b)`

Returns a random floating point number in [a,b].

The kandinsky module

This is the complete description of the kandinsky module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then kandinsky.

`color(r,g,b)`

Defines the color from the values of r,g,b. You can also simply use a tuple to define a color: (r,g,b).

`get_pixel(x,y)`

Returns the pixel x,y color as a tuple (r,g,b).

`set_pixel(x,y,color)`

Colors the pixel x,y of the color color.

`draw_string(text,x,y,[color1],[color2])`

Displays text from the pixel x,y. The arguments color1 (text color) and color2 (background color) are optional.

`fill_rect(x,y,width,height,color)`

Fills a rectangle at pixel (x,y) with the color color.

The ion module

This is the description of the ion module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then ion.

`keydown(k)`

Returns True if the k key in argument is pressed and False otherwise.

The other items in this menu indicate the syntax used to identify the keys on the keyboard.

The time module

Here is the description of the time module. You can get this list on your calculator by pressing toolbox and going to Modules then time.

`monotonic()`

Returns the value of the clock at the time the function is called.

`sleep(t)`

Pauses execution for t seconds.

Toolbox and var keys

The var key

In the script editor, the menu of the var key lists the autocompletion suggestions available.

In the execution console, the menu of the key var lists all the functions defined in your imported scripts (not containing any error) as well as the global variables.

The Toolbox key

The toolbox key menu contains four sections for faster editing of your scripts.

Loops and tests

Contains instructions for for and while loops as well as if tests.

Modules

Contains the functions available in the math, cmath, random, matplotlib.pyplot, ion, time, turtle and kandinsky modules.

Catalog

Contains the functions that can be used in Python, especially those of the modules but also functions like print() and input(). An alphabetical search with the letters of the keyboard is possible.

Functions

Contains instructions for defining a function: def function(argument): and return.